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      Using Make for Compilation

      This chapter describes the basic knowledge of make compilation and provides examples for demonstration. For more information about Make, run the man make command.

      Overview

      The GNU make utility (usually abbreviated as make) is a tool for controlling the generation of executable files from source files. make automatically identifies which parts of the complex program have changed and need to be recompiled. Make uses configuration files called Makefiles to control how programs are built.

      Basics

      File Type

      Table 1 describes the file types that may be used in the Makefiles.

      Table 1 File types

      Extension (Suffix)

      Description

      .c

      C source code file.

      .C, .cc, or .cxx

      C++ source code file.

      .m

      Objective-C source code file.

      .s

      Assembly language source code file.

      .i

      Preprocessed C source code file.

      .ii

      Preprocessed C++ source code file.

      .S

      Pre-processed assembly language source code file.

      .h

      Header file contained in the program.

      .o

      Target file after compilation.

      .so

      Dynamic link library, which is a special target file.

      .a

      Static link library.

      .out

      Executable files, which do not have a fixed suffix. The system distinguishes executable files from inexecutable files based on file attributes. If the name of an executable file is not given, GCC generates a file named a.out.

      make Work Process

      The process of deploying make to generate an executable file from the source code file is described as follows:

      1. The make command reads the Makefiles, including the files named GNUmakefile, makefile, and Makefile in the current directory, the included Makefile, and the rule files specified by the -f, --file, and --makefile options.
      2. Initialize variables.
      3. Derive implicit rules, analyze dependencies, and create a dependency chain.
      4. Determine which targets need to be regenerated based on the dependency chain.
      5. Run a command to generate the final file.

      make Options

      make command format: make [option]... [target]...

      In the preceding command:

      option : parameter option.

      target : target specified in Makefile.

      Table 2 describes the common make options.

      Table 2 Common make options

      options Value

      Description

      -C dir, --directory=dir

      Specifies dir as the working directory after the make command starts to run.

      When there are multiple -C options, the final working directory of make is the relative path of the first directory.

      -d

      Displays all debugging information during execution of the make command. You can use the -d option to display all the information during the construction of the dependency chain and the reconstruction of the target.

      -e, --environment-overrides

      Overwrites the variable definition with the same name in Makefile with the environment variable definition.

      -f file, --file=file,

      --makefile=file

      Specifies the file as the Makefile for the make command.

      -h, --help

      Displays help information.

      -i, --ignore-errors

      Ignores the errors occurred during the execution.

      -k, --keep-going

      When an error occurs during command execution, the make command is not terminated. The make command executes all commands as many as possible until a critical error occurs.

      -n, --just-print, --dry-run

      Simulates the execution of commands (including the commands starting with @) in the actual execution sequence. This command is used only to display the execution process and has no actual execution effect.

      -o file, --old-file=file, --assume-old=file

      The specified file does not need to be rebuilt even if its dependency has expired, and no target of this dependency file is rebuilt.

      -p, --print-data-base

      Before the command is executed, all data of Makefile read by make and the version information of make are printed. If you only need to print the data, run the make -qp command to view the preset rules and variables before the make command is executed. You can run the make -p -f /dev/null command.

      -r, --no-builtin-rules

      Ignores the use of embedded implicit rules and the implicit suffix list of all suffix rules.

      -R, --no-builtin-variables

      Ignores embedded hidden variables.

      -s, --silent, --quiet

      Cancels the printing during the command execution.

      -S, --no-keep-going, --stop

      Cancels the -k option. In the recursive make process, the sub-make inherits the upper-layer command line option through the MAKEFLAGS variable. You can use the -S option in the sub-make to cancel the -k option transferred by the upper-layer command, or cancel the -k option in the system environment variable MAKEFLAGS.

      -t, --touch

      Updates the timestamp of all target files to the current system time. Prevents make from rebuilding all outdated target files.

      -v,--version

      Displays the make version.

      Makefiles

      Make is a tool that uses Makefiles for compilation, linking, installation, and cleanup, so as to generate executable files and other related files from source code files. Therefore, Makefiles describe the compilation and linking rules of the entire project, including which files need to be compiled, which files do not need to be compiled, which files need to be compiled first, which files need to be compiled later, and which files need to be rebuilt. The Makefiles automate project compilation. You do not need to manually enter a large number of source files and parameters each time.

      This chapter describes the structure and main contents of Makefiles. For more information about Makefiles, run the info make command.

      Makefile Structure

      The Makefile structure is as follows:

      targets:prerequisites

      command

      or

      targets:prerequisites;command

      command

      In the preceding information:

      • targets : targets, which can be target files, executable files, or tags.
      • prerequisites : dependency files, which are the files or targets required for generating the targets. There can be multiple or none of them.
      • command : command (any shell command) to be executed by make. Multiple commands are allowed, and each command occupies a line.
      • Use colons (:) to separate the target files from the dependency files. Press Tab at the beginning of each command line.

      The Makefile structure indicates the output target, the object on which the output target depends, and the command to be executed for generating the target.

      Makefile Contents

      A Makefile consists of the following contents:

      • Explicit rule

        Specify the dependency, such as the file to be generated, dependency file, and generated command.

      • Implicit rule

        Specify the rule that is automatically derived by make. The make command supports the automatic derivation function.

      • Variable definition

      • File indicator

        The file indicator consists of three parts:

        • Inclusion of other Makefiles, for example, include xx.md
        • Selective execution, for example, #ifdef
        • Definition of multiple command lines, for example, define...endef.
      • Comment

        The comment starts with a number sign (#).

      Examples

      Example of Using Makefile to Implement Compilation

      1. Run the cd command to go to the code directory. The ~/code directory is used as an example.

        cd ~/code
        
      2. Create a header file hello.h and two functions hello.c and main.c.

        vi hello.h
        vi hello.c
        vi main.c
        

        The following is an example of the hello.h code:

        #pragma once
        #include <stdio.h>
        void hello();
        

        The following is an example of the hello.c code:

        #include "hello.h"
        void hello()
        {
                int i=1;
                while(i<5)
                {
                        printf("The %dth say hello.\n", i);
                        i++;
                }
        }
        

        The following is an example of the main.c code:

        #include "hello.h"
        #include <stdio.h>
        int main()
        {
                hello();
                return 0;
        }
        
      3. Create the Makefile.

        vi Makefile
        

        The following provides an example of the Makefile content:

        main:main.o hello.o
                gcc -o main main.o hello.o
        main.o:main.c
                gcc -c main.c
        hello.o:hello.c
                gcc -c hello.c
        clean:
                rm -f hello.o main.o main
        
      4. Run the make command.

        make
        

        After the command is executed, the commands executed in Makefile are printed. If you do not need to print the information, add the -s option to the make command.

        gcc -c main.c
        gcc -c hello.c
        gcc -o main main.o hello.o
        
      5. Execute the ./main target.

        ./main
        

        After the command is executed, the following information is displayed:

        The 1th say hello.
        
        The 2th say hello.
        
        The 3th say hello.
        
        The 4th say hello.
        

      Bug Catching

      Buggy Content

      Bug Description

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      PR

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      Bug Type
      Specifications and Common Mistakes

      ● Misspellings or punctuation mistakes;

      ● Incorrect links, empty cells, or wrong formats;

      ● Chinese characters in English context;

      ● Minor inconsistencies between the UI and descriptions;

      ● Low writing fluency that does not affect understanding;

      ● Incorrect version numbers, including software package names and version numbers on the UI.

      Usability

      ● Incorrect or missing key steps;

      ● Missing prerequisites or precautions;

      ● Ambiguous figures, tables, or texts;

      ● Unclear logic, such as missing classifications, items, and steps.

      Correctness

      ● Technical principles, function descriptions, or specifications inconsistent with those of the software;

      ● Incorrect schematic or architecture diagrams;

      ● Incorrect commands or command parameters;

      ● Incorrect code;

      ● Commands inconsistent with the functions;

      ● Wrong screenshots.

      Risk Warnings

      ● Lack of risk warnings for operations that may damage the system or important data.

      Content Compliance

      ● Contents that may violate applicable laws and regulations or geo-cultural context-sensitive words and expressions;

      ● Copyright infringement.

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