Long-Term Supported Versions

    Innovation Versions

      Configuring VMs

      Overview

      With StratoVirt, you can use command line parameters to specify VM configurations. Alternatively, you can interconnect StratoVirt with libvirt and use XML files to configure VMs. This chapter describes the command-line configuration mode.

      NOTE

      In this document, /path/to/socket indicates the socket file in the user-defined path.

      In openEuler 21.09 and later versions, JSON files are not supported.

      Specifications

      StratoVirt supports lightweight and standard VMs.

      • Lightweight VMs use the lightweight microVM mainboard and the MMIO bus.
      • Standard VMs support standard startup. They use the Q35 mainboard on x86 platforms, and the virt mainboard and PCI bus on AArch64 platforms.

      Lightweight VMs

      • Number of VM CPUs: [1, 254]
      • VM memory size: [128 MiB, 512 GiB]. The default memory size is 256 MiB.
      • Number of VM disks (including hot plugged-in disks): [0, 6]
      • Number of VM NICs (including hot plugged-in NICs): [0, 2]
      • The VM console device supports only single way connection.
      • If the host CPU architecture is x86_64, a maximum of 11 MMIO devices can be configured. However, you are advised to configure a maximum of two other devices except disks and NICs. On the AArch64 platform, a maximum of 160 MMIO devices can be configured. You are advised to configure a maximum of 12 other devices except disks and NICs.

      Standard VMs

      • Number of VM CPUs: [1, 254]
      • VM memory size: [128 MiB, 512 GiB]. The default memory size is 256 MiB.
      • The VM console device supports only single way connection.
      • Only one console device is supported.
      • A maximum of 32 PCI devices are supported.
      • PCI bus to which the PCI device is mounted: slot ID [0, 32); function ID [0, 8).

      Minimal Configuration

      The minimum configuration for running StratoVirt is as follows:

      • Use the Linux kernel image in PE or bzImage format (x86_64 only).
      • Set the rootfs image as the virtio-blk device and add it to kernel parameters.
      • Use QMP to control StratoVirt.
      • To use a serial port for login, add one to the kernel startup command line. The standard model on the AArch64 platform is ttyAMA0, and the model used in other scenarios is ttyS0.

      Configuration Description

      Command Format

      The format of the command configured by running cmdline is as follows:

      $ /path/to/stratovirt - [Parameter 1] [Option]-[Parameter 2] [Option]...

      Usage Instructions

      1. To ensure that the socket required by QMP can be created, run the following command to clear the environment:

        $rm [parameter] *[user-defined socket file path]*
        
      2. Run the cmdline command.

        $/path/to/stratovirt - *[Parameter 1] [Parameter option] - [Parameter 2] [Parameter option]*...
        

      Basic Parameters

      The following table lists the basic configuration information.

      ParameterOptionDescription
      -nameVMnameConfigures the VM name (a string of 1 to 255 characters).
      -kernel/path/to/vmlinux.binConfigures the kernel image.
      -appendconsole=ttyS0 root=/dev/vda reboot=k panic=1 rwConfigures the kernel command line parameter. For lightweight VMs, console is fixed at ttyS0 (irrelevant to the platform architecture). For the standard x86_64 virtualization platform, console is default to ttyS0. For the AArch64 platform, console is default to ttyAMA0. If the virtio-console device is configured but the serial port device is not configured, set console to hvc0 (irrelevant to the architecture).
      -initrd/path/to/initrd.imgConfigures the initrd file.
      -smp[cpus=]n[,maxcpus=,sockets=,dies=,clusters=,cores=,threads=]cpus specifies the number of CPUs with the value range of [1,254]. maxcpus specifies the maximum number of CPUs with the value range of [1,254]. sockets, dies, clusters, cores, and threads specifies the number of sockets, dies, clusters, cores, and threads respectively. The values of sockets, cores, and threads, if not specified, depend on the value of maxcpus. The values satisfy the following relationship: maxcpus=sockets x dies x clusters x cores x threads.
      -mMemory size (MiB/GiB). The default unit is MiB.Configures the memory size. The value range is [128 MiB, 512 GiB]. The default memory size is 256 MiB.
      -qmpunix:/path/to/socket,server,nowaitConfigures QMP. Before running QMP, ensure that the socket file does not exist.
      -D/path/to/logfileConfigures the log file.
      -pidfile/path/to/pidfileConfigures the pid file. This parameter must be used together with -daemonize. Ensure that the pid file does not exist before running the script.
      -disable-seccompN/ADisables Seccomp. Seccomp is enabled by default.
      -daemonizeN/AEnables daemon processes.

      VM Types

      You can run the -machine parameter to specify the type of the VM to be started.

      Parameters:

      • type: VM startup type. The value is MicroVm for lightweight virtualization, q35 for standard virtualization on the x86_64 platform, and virt for standard virtualization on the AArch64 platform.
      • dump-guest-core (optional): whether to dump the VM memory when a process panics.
      • mem-share (optional): whether to share memory with other processes.

      Disk Configuration

      VM disk configuration includes the following configuration items:

      • drive_id: disk ID.
      • path_on_host: disk path.
      • serial_num (optional): serial number of the disk.
      • read_only (optional): whether the disk is read-only.
      • direct (optional): whether to open the disk in O_DIRECT mode.
      • iothread (optional): iothread attribute.
      • throttling.iops-total (optional): disk QoS for limiting disk I/O operations.
      • if (optional): driver type. The default value is none. The block device is none.
      • bus: bus to which the device is to be mounted.
      • addr: IDs of the slot and function to which the device is to be mounted.
      • multifunction (optional): whether to enable PCI multi-function.
      • bootindex (optional, only for standard machine): boot priority of the block device. If this parameter is not set, the priority is default to the lowest. The value ranges from 0 to 255. A smaller value indicates a higher priority.

      Disk Configuration Modes

      Disk configuration consists of two steps: driver configuration and block device configuration.

      The lightweight VM configuration format is as follows:

      -drive id=drive_id,file=path_on_host[,readonly=off][,direct=off][,throttling.iops-total=200][,if=none]
      -device virtio-blk-device,drive=drive_id[,iothread=iothread1][,serial=serial_num]
      

      The standard VM configuration format is as follows:

      -drive id=drive_id,file=path_on_host[,readonly=off][,direct=off][,throttling.iops-total=200][,if=none]
      -device virtio-blk-pci,drive=drive_id,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x3.0x0[,iothread=iothread1,][serial=serial_num][,multifunction=on][,bootindex=1]
      

      The following describes the throttling.iops-total and iothread configuration items:

      Disk QoS

      Introduction

      QoS is short for quality of service. In cloud scenarios, multiple VMs are started on a single host. Because the total disk access bandwidth of the host is limited, when a VM has heavy disk access pressure, it will occupy the access bandwidth of other VMs. As a result, the I/O performance of other VMs will be affected. To reduce the impact between VMs, you can configure QoS to limit the disk access rate of the VMs.

      Precautions
      • Currently, QoS supports the configuration of disk IOPS.
      • The value range of IOPS is [0, 1000000]. The value 0 indicates that the IOPS is not limited. The actual IOPS does not exceed the preset value or the upper limit of the actual backend disk performance.
      • Only the average IOPS can be limited. Instantaneous burst traffic cannot be limited.
      Configuration Methods

      Usage:

      CLI

      -drive xxx,throttling.iops-total=200
      

      Parameters:

      • throttling.iops-total: I/O delivery speed of the disk on a VM after IOPS is configured. It does not exceed the value of this parameter.
      • xxx: other settings of the disk.

      iothread

      For details about the iothread configuration, see iothread Configuration.

      NIC Configuration

      VM NIC configuration includes the following configuration items:

      • idv: unique device ID.
      • tap: tap device.
      • ifname: name of the tap device on the host.
      • mac (optional): MAC address of the VM.
      • iothread (optional): iothread attribute of the disk. For details about the iothread configuration of the NIC, see iothread Configuration.

      Configuration Methods

      NOTE:

      Before using the network, run the following commands to configure the host bridge and tap device:

      $ brctl addbr qbr0
      $ ip tuntap add tap0 mode tap
      $ brctl addif qbr0 tap0
      $ ifconfig qbr0 up; ifconfig tap0 up
      $ ifconfig qbr0 192.168.0.1
      
      1. Configure virtio-net. ([] indicates an optional parameter.)

      Lightweight VMs:

      -netdev tap,id=netdevid,ifname=host_dev_name[,vhostfd=2]
      -device virtio-net-device,netdev=netdevid,id=netid[,iothread=iothread1,mac=12:34:56:78:9A:BC]
      

      Standard VMs:

      -netdev tap,id=netdevid,ifname=host_dev_name[,vhostfd=2]
      -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=netdevid,id=netid,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x2.0x0[,multifunction=on,iothread=iothread1,mac=12:34:56:78:9A:BC]
      
      1. Configure vhost-net.

      Lightweight VMs:

      -netdev tap,id=netdevid,ifname=host_dev_name,vhost=on[,vhostfd=2]
      -device virtio-net-device,netdev=netdevid,id=netid[,iothread=iothread1,mac=12:34:56:78:9A:BC]
      

      Standard VMs:

      -netdev tap,id=netdevid,ifname=host_dev_name,vhost=on[,vhostfd=2]
      -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=netdevid,id=netid,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x2.0x0[,multifunction=on,iothread=iothread1,mac=12:34:56:78:9A:BC]
      

      chardev Configuration

      Redirect I/Os from the Guest to chardev on the host. The chardev backend type can be stdio, pty, socket, or file.file can be set only during output. The configuration items are as follows:

      • id: unique device ID.
      • backend: redirection type.
      • path: path of the device redirection file. This parameter is required only for socket and file devices.
      • server: uses chardev as a server. This parameter is required only for socket devices.
      • nowait: The expected status is disconnected. This parameter is required only for socket devices.

      When chardev is used, a console file is created and used. Therefore, ensure that the console file does not exist before starting StratoVirt.

      Configuration Methods

      -chardev backend,id=chardev_id[,path=path,server,nowait]
      

      Serial Port Configuration

      A serial port is a VM device used to transmit data between hosts and VMs. To use a serial port, configure console to ttyS0 in the kernel command line, and to ttyAMA0 for standard startup on the AArch64 platform. The configuration items are as follows:

      • chardev: redirected chardev device.
      • backend, path, server, and nowait: The meanings of these parameters are the same as those in chardev.

      Configuration Methods

      -serial chardev:chardev_id
      

      Or:

      -chardev backend[,path=path,server,nowait]
      

      Console Device Configuration

      virtio-console is a universal serial port device used for data transmission between hosts and VMs. If only the console device is configured and I/O operations are performed through the console device, set console to hvc0 in the kernel startup parameters. The console device has the following configuration items:

      • id: device ID.
      • path: path of virtio console files.
      • socket: redirection in socket mode.
      • chardev: redirected chardev device.

      Configuration Methods

      The console configuration consists of three steps: specify virtio-serial, create a character device, and then create a virtconsole device.

      Lightweight VMs:

      -device virtio-serial-device[,id=virtio-serial0]
      -chardev socket,path=socket_path,id=virtioconsole1,server,nowait
      -device virtconsole,chardev=virtioconsole1,id=console_id
      

      Standard VMs:

      -device virtio-serial-pci,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x1.0x0[,multifunction=on,id=virtio-serial0]
      -chardev socket,path=socket_path,id=virtioconsole1,server,nowait
      -device virtconsole,chardev=virtioconsole1,id=console_id
      

      vsock Device Configuration

      The vsock is also a device for communication between hosts and VMs. It is similar to the console but has better performance. The configuration items are as follows:

      • id: unique device ID.
      • guest_cid: unique context ID.

      Configuration Methods

      Lightweight VMs:

      -device vhost-vsock-device,id=vsock_id,guest-cid=3
      

      Standard VMs:

      -device vhost-vsock-pci,id=vsock_id,guest-cid=3,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x1.0x0[,multifunction=on]
      

      Memory Huge Page Configuration

      Introduction

      StratoVirt supports the configuration of huge pages for VMs. Compared with the traditional 4 KB memory page mode, huge page memory can effectively reduce the number of TLB misses and page fault interrupts, significantly improving the performance of memory-intensive services.

      Precautions

      • The directory to which the huge pages are mounted must be an absolute path.
      • Memory huge pages can be configured only during startup.
      • Only static huge pages are supported.
      • Configure huge pages on the host before use.
      • To use the huge page feature, ensure that the VM memory size is an integer multiple of huge page size.

      Mutually Exclusive Features

      • If the huge page feature is configured, the balloon feature does not take effect.

      Configuration Methods

      Configuring Huge Pages on the Host
      Mounting

      Mount the huge page file system to a specified directory. /path/to/hugepages is the user-defined empty directory.

      mount -t hugetlbfs hugetlbfs /path/to/hugepages
      
      Setting the Number of Huge Pages
      • Set the number of static huge pages. num indicates the specified number.

        sysctl vm.nr_hugepages=num
        
      • Query huge page statistics.

        cat /proc/meminfo | grep Hugepages
        

        To view statistics about huge pages of other sizes, view the related information in the /sys/kernel/mm/hugepages/hugepages-*/ directory.

      NOTE:

      Configure the StratoVirt memory specifications and huge pages based on the huge page usage. If the huge page resources are insufficient, the VM fails to be started.

      Adding Huge Page Configuration When Starting StratoVirt

      • CLI

        -mem-path /page/to/hugepages
        

        In the preceding command, /page/to/hugepages indicates the directory to which the huge page file system is mounted. Only absolute paths are supported.


      NOTE:

      Typical configuration: Set mem-path in the StratoVirt command line to the huge page file system mount directory. The StratoVirt huge page feature is recommended for the typical configuration.

      iothread Configuration

      Introduction

      After a VM with the iothread configuration is started on StratoVirt, threads independent of the main thread are started on the host. These independent threads can be used to process I/O requests of devices, improving the device I/O performance and reducing the impact on message processing on the management plane.

      Precautions

      • A maximum of eight iothreads can be configured.
      • The iothread attribute can be configured for disks and NICs.
      • iothreads occupy CPU resources of the host. When the I/O pressure is high in a VM, the CPU resources occupied by a single iothread depend on the disk access speed. For example, a common SATA disk occupies less than 20% CPU resources.

      Creating an iothread

      CLI

      -object iothread,id=iothread1 -object iothread,id=iothread2
      

      Parameters:

      • id: identifies an iothread. This ID can be set to the iothread attribute of the disk or NIC. If iothread is configured in the startup parameter, the thread with the specified ID is started on the host after the VM is started.

      Configuring the iothread Attribute for a Disk or NIC

      CLI-based configurations

      Lightweight VMs:

      Disks

      -device virtio-blk-device xxx,iothread=iothread1
      

      NICs

      -device virtio-net-device xxx,iothread=iothread2
      

      Standard VMs:

      Disks

      -device virtio-blk-pci xxx,iothread=iothread1
      

      NICs

      -device virtio-net-pci xxx,iothread=iothread2
      
      Parameters:
      
      1. iothread: Set this parameter to the iothread ID, indicating the thread that processes the I/O of the device.
      2. xxx: other configurations of the disk or NIC.

      Balloon Device Configuration

      Introduction

      During running of a VM, the balloon driver in it occupies or releases memory to dynamically adjust the VM's available memory, achieving memory elasticity.

      Precautions

      • Before enabling balloon, ensure that the page size of the guest is the same as that of the host.
      • The balloon feature must be enabled for the guest kernel.
      • When memory elastic scaling is enabled, slight frame freezing may occur in the VM and the memory performance may deteriorate.

      Mutually Exclusive Features

      • This feature is mutually exclusive with huge page memory.
      • In the x86 architecture, the number of interrupts is limited. Therefore, the total number of balloon devices and other virtio devices cannot exceed 11. By default, six block devices, two net devices, and one serial port device are used.

      Specifications

      • Each VM can be configured with only one balloon device.

      Configuration Methods

      Lightweight VMs:

      -device virtio-balloon-device[,deflate-on-oom=true|false][,free-page-reporting=true|false]
      

      Standard VMs:

      -device virtio-balloon-pci,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x4.0x0[,deflate-on-oom=true|false][,free-page-reporting=true|false][,multifunction=on|off]
      

      NOTE

      1. The value of deflate-on-oom is of the Boolean type, indicating whether to enable the auto deflate feature. When this feature is enabled, if the balloon device has reclaimed some memory, it automatically releases the memory to the guest when the guest requires the memory. If this feature is disabled, the memory is not automatically returned.
      2. The value of free-page-reporting is of the Boolean type, indicating whether to release free pages from kernel reporting. This feature can be used to reuse memory.
      3. When running the QMP command to reclaim the VM memory, ensure that the VM has sufficient memory to keep basic running. Otherwise, some operations may time out and the VM cannot apply for idle memory.
      4. If the huge page feature is enabled in the VM, the balloon device cannot reclaim the memory occupied by the huge pages.

      If deflate-on-oom is set to false, when the guest memory is insufficient, the balloon device does not automatically release the memory. As a result, the guest OOM may occur, the processes may be killed, and even the VM cannot run properly.

      RNG Configuration

      Introduction

      Virtio RNG is a paravirtualized random number generator that generates hardware random numbers for the guest.

      Configuration Methods

      Virtio RNG can be configured as the Virtio MMIO device or Virtio PCI device. To configure the Virtio RNG device as a Virtio MMIO device, run the following command:

      -object rng-random,id=objrng0,filename=/path/to/random_file
      -device virtio-rng-device,rng=objrng0,max-bytes=1234,period=1000
      

      To configure the Virtio RNG device as a Virtio PCI device, run the following command:

      -object rng-random,id=objrng0,filename=/path/to/random_file
      -device virtio-rng-pci,rng=objrng0,max-bytes=1234,period=1000,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x1.0x0,id=rng-id[,multifunction=on]
      

      Parameters:

      • filename: path of the character device used to generate random numbers on the host, for example, /dev/random.
      • period: period for limiting the read rate of random number characters, in milliseconds.
      • max-bytes: maximum number of bytes of a random number generated by a character device within a period.
      • bus: name of the bus to which the Virtio RNG device is mounted.
      • addr: address of the Virtio RNG device. The parameter format is addr=[slot].[function], where slot and function indicate the slot number and function number of the device respectively. The slot number and function number are hexadecimal numbers. The function number of the Virtio RNG device is 0x0.

      Precautions

      • If period and max-bytes are not configured, the read rate of random number characters is not limited.
      • Otherwise, the value range of max-bytes/period*1000 is [64, 1000000000]. It is recommended that the value be not too small to prevent the rate of obtaining random number characters from being too slow.
      • Only the average number of random number characters can be limited, and the burst traffic cannot be limited.
      • If the guest needs to use the Virtio RNG device, the guest kernel requires the following configurations: CONFIG_HW_RANDOM=y, CONFIG_HW_RANDOM_VIA=y, and CONFIG_HW_RANDOM_VIRTIO=y.
      • When configuring the Virtio RNG device, check whether the entropy pool is sufficient to avoid VM freezing. For example, if the character device path is /dev/random, you can check /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail to view the current entropy pool size. When the entropy pool is full, the entropy pool size is 4096. Generally, the value is greater than 1000.

      VNC Configuration

      Introduction

      You can log in to the VM through the VNC client and interact with the remote VM system through mouse and keyboard operations on the on VNC desktop.

      Precautions

      • Only standard VMs support VNC.
      • Only clients that use RFB of version 3.3 to 3.8 can connect to VNC.
      • Only one client can be connected at the same time. Follow-up clients connections will result in failure.
      • The VNC feature supports only the ARM architecture.

      Mutually Exclusive Features

      • The VNC feature and live migration are mutually exclusive.

      Specifications

      • Only one VNC server can be configured on each VM.

      Configuration Methods

      Standard VMs:

      -vnc 0.0.0.0:11
      

      NOTE

      1. The Pixman library is required for rendering graphics. Install the pixman.rpm and pixman-devel.rpm packages of the Pixman library on the VM.
      2. A USB controller, a mouse and a keyboard are required to perform mouse and keyboard operations.
      3. A display device needs to be configured, such as virtio-gpu and ramfb.

      USB Keyboard and Mouse Configuration

      Introduction

      StratoVirt supports USB keyboards and mice. You can remotely connect to the VM through VNC and operate in the VM GUI using a USB keyboard and mouse. Because USB devices are mounted to the USB controller, you need to configure a USB controller in the CLI in advance.

      Precautions

      • Only standard VMs support USB keyboards and mice.

      Mutually Exclusive Features

      • USB keyboards and mice and live migration are mutually exclusive.

      Specifications

      • Only one USB controller, one USB keyboard, and one USB mouse can be configured for each VM.

      Configuration Methods

      Add the following option to the StratoVirt startup command to configure the USB controller:

      -device nec-usb-xhci,id=xhci,bus=pcie.0,addr=0xa.0x0
      

      Parameters:

      • id: unique ID of the device
      • bus: bus to mount the device
      • addr: slot and function numbers for mounting the device

      The configured bus and addr values cannot conflict with other PCI devices. Otherwise, the VM will fail to start.

      Add the following option to the StratoVirt startup command to configure the USB keyboard:

      -device usb-bkd,id=kbd
      

      Parameters:

      • id: unique ID of the device

      Add the following option to the StratoVirt startup command to configure the USB mouse:

      -device usb-tablet,id=tablet
      

      Parameters:

      • id: unique ID of the device

      virtio-gpu Device Configuration

      Introduction

      virtio-gpu devices can be configured for standard VMs for graphics display.

      Precautions

      • Only 2D graphics can be displayed.
      • Recommended max_hostmem (usable memory on the host) is equal to or larger than 256MiB to ensure enough resolution.
      • max_outputs (number of screens) cannot exceed 16.
      • Live migration is not supported.

      Specifications

      • Only one virtio-gpu device can be configured for each VM.

      Configuration Methods

      Standard VMs:

      -device virtio-gpu-pci,id=XX,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x2.0x0[,max_outputs=XX][,edid=true|false][,xres=XX][,yres=XX][,max_hostmem=XX]
      

      Parameters:

      • max_outputs: number of screens to be supported by the device. The recommended value is 1, the maximum value is 16.
      • edid: whether EDID is supported by the device. The recommended value is true. The VM kernel will verify whether the device supports EDID.
      • xres/yres: horizontal/vertical size of the login window.
      • max_hostmem: usable memory for the device on the host in bytes

      Configuration Examples

      Lightweight VMs

      This section provides an example of the minimum configuration for creating a lightweight VM.

      1. Log in to the host and delete the socket file to ensure that the QMP can be created.

        rm -f /tmp/stratovirt.socket
        
      2. Run StratoVirt.

        $ /path/to/stratovirt \
            -kernel /path/to/vmlinux.bin \
            -append console=ttyS0 root=/dev/vda rw reboot=k panic=1 \
            -drive file=/home/rootfs.ext4,id=rootfs,readonly=false \
            -device virtio-blk-device,drive=rootfs \
            -qmp unix:/tmp/stratovirt.socket,server,nowait \
            -serial stdio
        

        After the running is successful, the VM is created and started based on the specified configuration parameters.

      Standard VMs

      This section provides an example of the minimum configuration for creating a standard VM on the ARM platform.

      1. Delete the socket file to ensure that QMP can be created.

        rm -f /tmp/stratovirt.socket
        
      2. Run StratoVirt.

        $ /path/to/stratovirt \
            -kernel /path/to/vmlinux.bin \
            -append console=ttyAMA0 root=/dev/vda rw reboot=k panic=1 \
            -drive file=/path/to/edk2/code_storage_file,if=pflash,unit=0[,readonly=true] \
            -drive file=/path/to/edk2/data_storage_file,if=pflash,unit=1, \
            -drive file=/home/rootfs.ext4,id=rootfs,readonly=false \
            -device virtio-blk-device,drive=rootfs,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x1 \
            -qmp unix:/tmp/stratovirt.socket,server,nowait \
            -serial stdio
        

      Bug Catching

      Buggy Content

      Bug Description

      Submit As Issue

      It's a little complicated....

      I'd like to ask someone.

      PR

      Just a small problem.

      I can fix it online!

      Bug Type
      Specifications and Common Mistakes

      ● Misspellings or punctuation mistakes;

      ● Incorrect links, empty cells, or wrong formats;

      ● Chinese characters in English context;

      ● Minor inconsistencies between the UI and descriptions;

      ● Low writing fluency that does not affect understanding;

      ● Incorrect version numbers, including software package names and version numbers on the UI.

      Usability

      ● Incorrect or missing key steps;

      ● Missing prerequisites or precautions;

      ● Ambiguous figures, tables, or texts;

      ● Unclear logic, such as missing classifications, items, and steps.

      Correctness

      ● Technical principles, function descriptions, or specifications inconsistent with those of the software;

      ● Incorrect schematic or architecture diagrams;

      ● Incorrect commands or command parameters;

      ● Incorrect code;

      ● Commands inconsistent with the functions;

      ● Wrong screenshots.

      Risk Warnings

      ● Lack of risk warnings for operations that may damage the system or important data.

      Content Compliance

      ● Contents that may violate applicable laws and regulations or geo-cultural context-sensitive words and expressions;

      ● Copyright infringement.

      How satisfied are you with this document

      Not satisfied at all
      Very satisfied
      Submit
      Click to create an issue. An issue template will be automatically generated based on your feedback.
      Bug Catching
      编组 3备份