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Common Configurations

Common Configurations ​

Configuring the Network ​

  1. Configure the IP address.

    Run the ip command to configure an address for the interface. interface-name indicates the name of the NIC.

    shell
    ip addr [ add | del ] address dev interface-name

  2. Configure a static IP address.

    shell
    # Configure the static IP address.
ip address add 192.168.0.10/24 dev enp3s0

# Run the following command as the root user to query the configuration result:
ip addr show dev enp3s0

# The result is as follows:
2: enp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:aa:ad:4a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.202.248/16 brd 192.168.255.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute enp3s0
valid_lft 9547sec preferred_lft 9547sec
inet 192.168.0.10/24 scope global enp3s0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::32e8:cc22:9db2:f4d4/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

  3. Configure a static route.

    Run the ip route add command to add a static route to the routing table and run the ip route del command to delete a static route. The common format of the ip route command is as follows:

    shell
    ip route [ add | del | change | append | replace ] destination-address
    • To add a static route to the host address, run the following command as the root user:
    shell
    ip route add 192.168.2.1 via 10.0.0.1 [dev interface-name]
    • To add a static route to the network, run the following command as the root user:
    shell
    ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 via 10.0.0.1 [dev interface-name]

  4. Configure the network using the ifcfg file.

    Modify the ifcfg-enp4s0 file generated in the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ directory as the root user. The following is an example:

    text
    TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none
IPADDR=192.168.0.10
PREFIX=24
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=enp4s0static
UUID=xx
DEVICE=enp4s0
ONBOOT=yes

Managing RPM Packages ​

The full name of RPM is RPM Package Manager, which is intended to manage Red Hat software packages. It is used in mainstream distributions such as openEuler, Fedora, Red Hat, Mandriva, SUSE and YellowDog, and distributions developed based on these distributions.

RPM installs the required software to a set of management programs on the Linux host in database record mode. The software to be installed is compiled and packaged, and the default database record in the packaged software records the dependencies required for the software installation. When a user installs the software on a Linux host, RPM checks whether the dependencies on the Linux host meets the requirements based on the data recorded in it.

  • If yes, install the software.
  • If no, do not install the software.

During the installation, all software information is written into the RPM database for subsequent query, verification, and uninstallation. en-us_other_0000001337581224

  1. Default installation path of the RPM packages

    Generally, RPM uses the default installation path. (The default installation path can be queried by running a command and will be described in detail in subsequent sections.) All installation files are distributed to the directories listed in the following table by type.

    RPM installation paths and their meanings

    Installation PathDescription
    /etc/Configuration file installation directory
    /usr/bin/Installation directory of the executable commands
    /usr/lib/Path for storing the function library used by the program
    /usr/share/docLocation where the basic software user manual is saved
    /usr/share/man/Path for saving the help file

    Note: You can manually specify the installation path of RPM, but this method is not recommended. After the installation path is manually specified, all installation files are installed in the specified path, and the command for querying the installation path in the system cannot be used. The command can be identified by the system only after being manually configured.

  2. rpm command options

    Checking the RPM Signature of the Software Package

    Before installing the RPM package on a Linux host, check the PGP signature. After ensuring that the signature integrity and source are correct, run the rpm --checksig command to verify the validity:

    shell
    rpm --checksig nano-2.3.1-10.el7.x86_64.rpm

    Installing RPM Packages

    To install RPM packages in Linux, use the -i option in the rpm command.

    shell
    rpm -ivh nano-2.3.1-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
    • -i: installs the software package.
    • -v: displays detailed information.
    • -h: lists flags during suite installation.

    Querying an Installed RPM Package

    To query an RPM package (dnf) installed in the Linux system, use the -q option in the rpm command.

    shell
    rpm -q dnf
    • -q: query operation

    If the specified package is not installed, the following error message is displayed:

    text
    package dnf is not installed

    Querying All Installed RPM Packages

    To query all RPM packages installed in Linux, use the -qa option in the rpm command.

    shell
    $ rpm -qa 
dracut-config-rescue-055-7.oe2203sp2.x86_64
parted-3.5-1.oe2203sp2.x86_64
irqbalance-1.8.0-9.oe2203sp2.x86_64
......

    Note: When using the -qa option, use the pipe character (|) together to improve the search accuracy.

    Querying Details About an Installed RPM Package

    Use the -qi option in the rpm command to query the details of an RPM package installed in the system.

    shell
    # rpm -qi python3
Name        : python3
Version     : 3.9.9
Release     : 24.oe2203sp2
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Wed 30 Mar 2022 08:30:23 AM UTC
Group       : Unspecified
Size        : 35916839
License     : Python
Signature   : RSA/SHA1, Wed 30 Mar 2022 03:29:30 AM UTC, Key ID d557065eb25e7f66
Source RPM  : python3-3.9.9-24.oe2203sp2.x86_64.rpm
Build Date  : Tue 15 Mar 2022 12:00:00 AM UTC
Build Host  : obs-worker1639015616-x86-0001
Packager    : http://openeuler.org
Vendor      : http://openeuler.org
URL         : https://www.python.org/
Summary     : Interpreter of the Python3 programming language
Description :
Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules,
classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic
typing. There are interfaces to many system calls and libraries, as well
as to various windowing systems. New built-in modules are easily written
in C or C++ (or other languages, depending on the chosen implementation).
Python is also usable as an extension language for applications written
in other languages that need easy-to-use scripting or automation interfaces.

This package Provides python version 3.

    Querying All Files in an RPM Package

    To query the file list of an RPM package that is not installed, use the -qlp option in the rpm command.

    shell
    $ rpm -qlp pkgship-2.2.0-10.oe2203sp2.noarch.rpm
/etc/ima/digest_lists.tlv/0-metadata_list-compact_tlv-pkgship-2.2.0-10.oe2203sp2.noarch
/etc/ima/digest_lists/0-metadata_list-compact-pkgship-2.2.0-10.oe2203sp2.noarch
/etc/pkgship/auto_install_pkgship_requires.sh
/etc/pkgship/conf.yaml
/etc/pkgship/package.ini
......

    Querying RPM Package Dependencies

    To query the list of dependency packages compiled by a specified RPM package that is not installed, use the -qRp option in the rpm command.

    shell
    $ rpm -qRp pkgship-2.2.0-10.oe2203sp2.noarch.rpm
/bin/bash
/bin/sh
/usr/bin/python3
config(pkgship) = 2.2.0-10.oe2203sp2
python3
python3-Flask-Limiter
......

    Verifying All Installed RPM Packages

    To verify an installed RPM package, use the -Va option in the rpm command to compare the information about the files installed in the package with the information about the files obtained from the package metadata stored in the RPM database.

    shell
    $ rpm -Va
S.5....T.  c /root/.bashrc
.......T.  c /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo
S.5....T.  c /etc/issue
S.5....T.  c /etc/issue.net
S.5....T.  c /etc/csh.login
S.5....T.  c /etc/profile
.M....G..  g /var/log/lastlog
.M.......  c /boot/grub2/grubenv
......

    Output fields of the rpm -Va command and their meanings

    FieldDescription
    SThe file length changes.
    MThe access permission or type of a file changes.
    5The MD5 checksum changes.
    DThe attributes of a device node change.
    LThe symbolic link of a file changes.
    UThe owner of a file, subdirectory, or device node changes.
    GThe group of a file, subdirectory, or device node changes.
    TThe last modification time of a file changes.

    Querying the RPM Package of a Specific File

    To query an RPM package that provides a specific binary file on Linux, use the -qf option in the rpm command.

    shell
    $ rpm -qf /usr/share/doc/pkgship
pkgship-2.2.0-10.oe2203sp2.noarch.rpm

    Querying Files in an Installed RPM Package

    To query the list of installation files of an RPM package, use the -ql option in the rpm command.

    shell
    $ rpm -ql dnf
/etc/bash_completion.d/dnf
/etc/ima/digest_lists.tlv/0-metadata_list-compact_tlv-dnf-4.14.0-14.oe2203sp2.noarch
/etc/ima/digest_lists/0-metadata_list-compact-dnf-dnf-4.14.0-14.oe2203sp2.noarch
/usr/bin/dnf
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dnf-makecache.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dnf-makecache.timer
/usr/share/doc/dnf
/usr/share/doc/dnf/AUTHORS
/usr/share/doc/dnf/README.rst
/usr/share/licenses/dnf
/usr/share/licenses/dnf/COPYING
/usr/share/licenses/dnf/PACKAGE-LICENSING
/var/cache/dnf

    Querying the Recently Installed RPM Packages

    Linux is a multi-user OS. During the use of Linux, other users may have installed some software packages. To query the recently installed packages in the system, use the -qa --last options in the rpm command.

    shell
    $ rpm -qa --last
ntp-4.2.8p15-11.oe2203sp2.x86_64
ntpstat-0.6-4.oe2203sp2.noarch
ntp-help-4.2.8p15-11.oe2203sp2.noarch

    Querying Only the Documents of the Installed RPM Packages

    You can obtain the help information of any command from the Linux Man page (path for storing /usr/share/doc/Package_Name-Version_Number/docs* documents). To query the list of documents associated with the installed RPM packages, use the -qdf option in the rpm command and enter the binary file path.

    shell
    $ rpm -qdf /usr/bin/grep
/usr/share/doc/grep/NEWS
/usr/share/doc/grep/README
/usr/share/doc/grep/THANKS
/usr/share/doc/grep/TODO
/usr/share/info/grep.info.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/egrep.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/fgrep.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/grep.1.gz

    Upgrading an Installed RPM Package

    You can easily upgrade the installed RPM package to the latest version by using the -Uvh option and the rpm command.

    shell
    $ rpm -Uvh pkgship-2.2.0-10.oe2203sp2.noarch.rpm
Preparing...        ################################# [100%]

    Note: When the installed RPM package is upgraded, the old RPM package is deleted and the new RPM package is installed.

    Removing an Installed RPM Package

    To remove an RPM package installed on the system, use the -ev or -e option in the rpm command.

    shell
    rpm -ev pkgship

    Rebuilding the Damaged RPM Database

    When you try to update the system using the yum update command, you may receive an error message indicating that the RPM database is damaged. If you receive this message, use the --rebuilddb option in the rpm command to rebuild the database.

    shell
    rm /var/lib/rpm/__db*
rpm --rebuilddb

    Checking Whether Vulnerabilities in Specific Packages Have Been Fixed

    You can use the --changelog option in the rpm command and enter the corresponding CVE ID.

    shell
    rpm -q --changelog python-2.6.6 | grep -i "CVE-2019-9636"

    Importing the RPM GPG Key

    By default, when a new repository is added to the Linux system, the GPG key is automatically imported. You can also use --import in the rpm command to manually import the RPM GPG key to check the integrity of a package when downloading it from the repository.

    shell
    rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-OpenEuler-22.03-LTS-SP2

  3. DNF commands

    DNF commands

    CommandDescription
    repolistDisplays the configured software repository source.
    installInstalls one or more software packages on Linux.
    upgradeUpgrades one or more software packages on Linux.
    listLists a software package or a group of software packages.
    infoDisplays detailed information about a package or package group.
    updateinfoDisplays the bulletin information about a package.
    searchSearches for the specified character string in the software package details.
    check-updateChecks for software package update.
    removeRemoves one or more software packages from the system.
    reinstallReinstalls a package.
    downgradeDowngrades a software package.
    autoremoveRemoves all unnecessary software packages that are installed due to dependency relationships.
    distro-syncSynchronizes the installed software package to the latest available version.
    makecacheCreates a metadata cache.
    repository-packageRuns commands on all software packages in a specified repository.
    providesSearches for the software package that provides the specified content.
    groupDisplays or uses group information.
    historyDisplays or uses transaction history.
    cleanDeletes cached data.

    Displaying Configured Software Repositories

    By default, the --enabled option is added to display the enabled software repositories.

    shell
    $ dnf repolist --enabled
repo id                                                                   repo name
EPOL                                                                      EPOL
OS                                                                        OS
debuginfo                                                                 debuginfo
everything                                                                everything
pkgship_elasticsearch                                                     Elasticsearch repository
source                                                                    source
update                                                                    update
    • --all: displays all software repositories.
    • --disabled: displays disabled software repositories.
    • --enabled: displays enabled repositories (default).

    Installing One or More Software Packages

    You can run the install command to install RPM packages.

    shell
    dnf install software_package

    Conflicting packages or packages that cannot be installed may exist during software package installation. You can add --allowerasing to the command to replace the conflicting packages or --skip-broken to skip the packages that cannot be installed.

    shell
    dnf install software_package [software_package ...] --allowerasing --skip-broken

    When dnf is used to install a software package, add --installroot to set the root directory for installing the software package.

    shell
    dnf install software_package --installroot software_package_root_directory

    If you need to temporarily specify a repository source for installation, you can add the --setopt=reposdir= option to specify the loading directory of the repository source.

    shell
    dnf install software_package --setopt=reposdir=repo_source_directory

    If interactive confirmation is not required during installation, you can add -y or --assumeyes to enable all software packages to be installed to automatically answer Yes.

    shell
    dnf install software_package -y

    To install an RPM package by specifying a specific repository source, you can specify the --repo or --enablerepo option. To achieve the same effect, you can also use the --disablerepo option to disable the matched repository source. You are advised to use the --repo option to install the RPM package.

    shell
    dnf install software_package --repo=repo_source_

    Reinstalling a Software Package

    You can run the reinstall command to reinstall a software package in the system.

    shell
    dnf reinstall software_package

    Upgrading One or More Software Packages

    • You can use the upgrade command to upgrade one or more software packages on Linux.
    shell
    dnf upgrade software_package [software_package ...]
    • You can also run the update command to upgrade one or more software packages.
    shell
    dnf update software_package [software_package ...]

    Downgrading a Software Package

    If a compatibility problem occurs because the version of a software package is too late, you can downgrade the software package.

    shell
    dnf downgrade software_package

    Listing a Package or a Group of Packages

    You can run the list command to list the software packages installed in the system and the software packages in the configured repository.

    shell
    dnf list

    You can add options to filter the displayed package list.

    • --all: displays all software packages (default).
    • --available: displays only available software packages.
    • --installed: displays only installed software packages.
    • --extras: displays only additional software packages.
    • --updates: displays only the software packages to be upgraded.
    • --upgrades: displays only the software packages to be upgraded.
    • --autoremove: displays only the software packages to be removed.
    • --recent: displays the software packages that have been changed recently.

    Querying Details About a Software Package

    You can run the info command to query details about a software package.

    shell
    dnf info software_package

    Searching for a Software Package

    If you need to install a software package in the system but you are not sure about the full name of the software package, you can run the search command to search for the matched package.

    shell
    dnf search software_package

    Uninstalling One or More Software Packages

    You can run the remove command to remove an expired or duplicate software package.

    shell
    dnf remove software_package
    • --duplicates: removes installed (duplicate) software packages.
    • --oldinstallonly: removes expired installation-only software packages.

    Automatically Removing Software Packages Installed Due to Dependency Relationships

    You can run the autoremove command to remove unnecessary software packages that are installed due to dependency relationships.

    shell
    dnf autoremove software_package

Configuring SSH ​

  1. Introduction to the SSH service

    Secure Shell (SSH) is a reliable protocol that ensures the security of remote login sessions and other network services. The SSH protocol can effectively prevent information leakage during remote management. SSH encrypts transferred data to prevent domain name server (DNS) spoofing and IP spoofing. OpenSSH was created as an open source alternative to the proprietary SSH protocol.

  2. Configuring the SSH Service

    shell
    # Open and modify the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file.
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Restart the SSH service.
systemctl restart sshd

# Check the SSH service status.
systemctl status sshd

  3. Main options in the SSH service configuration file

    text
    $ Specify the SSH protocol version.
Protocol 2

# Allowed users
AllowUsers xxx

# Denied users
DenyUser root

# Configure session timeout.
ClientAliveInterval 120

# Disable SSH root login.
PermitRootLogin no

# Configure or change the SSH port number.
Port 1234

# Disable SSH password authentication.
PasswordAuthentication no
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