Managing Drives Through LVM ​

• Managing Drives Through LVM
  • LVM Overview
    • Basic Terms
  • Installing the LVM
  • Managing PVs
    • Creating a PV
    • Viewing a PV
    • Modifying PV Attributes
    • Deleting a PV
  • Managing VGs
    • Creating a VG
    • Viewing a VG
    • Modifying VG Attributes
    • Extending a VG
    • Shrinking a VG
    • Deleting a VG
  • Managing LVs
    • Creating an LV
    • Viewing an LV
    • Adjusting the LV Size
    • Extending an LV
    • Shrinking an LV
    • Deleting an LV
  • Creating and Mounting a File System
    • Creating a File System
    • Manually Mounting a File System
    • Automatically Mounting a File System

LVM Overview ​

Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a mechanism used for managing drive partitions in Linux. By adding a logical layer between drives and file systems, LVM shields the drive partition layout for file systems, thereby improving flexibility in managing drive partitions.

The procedure of managing a drive through LVM is as follows:

1. Create physical volumes for a drive.
2. Combine several physical volumes into a volume group.
3. Create logical volumes in the volume group.
4. Create file systems on logical volumes.

When drives are managed using LVM, file systems are distributed on multiple drives and can be easily resized as needed. Therefore, file system space will no longer be limited by drive capacities.

Basic Terms ​

• Physical media: refers to physical storage devices in the system, such as drives (/dev/hda and /dev/sda). It is the storage unit at the lowest layer of the storage system.

• Physical volume (PV): refers to a drive partition or device (such as a RAID) that has the same logical functions as a drive partition. PVs are basic logical storage blocks of LVM. A PV contains a special label that is stored in the second 512-byte sector by default. It can also be stored in one of the first four sectors. A label contains the universal unique identifier (UUID) of the PV, size of the block device, and the storage location of LVM metadata in the device.

• Volume group (VG): consists of PVs and shields the details of underlying PVs. You can create one or more logical volumes within a VG without considering detailed PV information.

• Logical volume (LV): A VG cannot be used directly. It can be used only after being partitioned into LVs. LVs can be formatted into different file systems and can be directly used after being mounted.

• Physical extent (PE): A PE is a small storage unit in a PV. The PE size is the same as the size of the logical extent in the VG.

• Logical extent (LE): An LE is a small storage unit in an LV. In one VG, the LEs of all the LVs have the same size.

Installing the LVM ​

1. Configure the local yum source. For details, see Configuring the Repo Server.

2. Clear the cache.

   bash

   dnf clean all

3. Create a cache.

   bash

   dnf makecache

4. Install the LVM as the root user.

   bash

   dnf install lvm2

5. Check the installed RPM package.

   bash

   rpm -qa | grep lvm2

Managing PVs ​

Creating a PV ​

Run the pvcreate command as the root user to create a PV.

pvcreate [option] devname ...

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -f: forcibly creates a PV without user confirmation.
  • -u: specifies the UUID of the device.
  • -y: answers yes to all questions.

• devname: specifies the name of the device corresponding to the PV to be created. If multiple PVs need to be created in batches, set this option to multiple device names and separate the names with spaces.

Example 1: Create PVs based on /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc.

pvcreate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc

Example 2: Create PVs based on /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdb2.

pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2

Viewing a PV ​

Run the pvdisplay command as the root user to view PV information, including PV name, VG to which the PV belongs, PV size, PE size, total number of PEs, number of available PEs, number of allocated PEs, and UUID.

pvdisplay [option] devname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -s: outputs information in short format.
  • -m: displays the mapping from PEs to LEs.

• devname: indicates the device corresponding to the PV to be viewed. If no PVs are specified, information about all PVs is displayed.

Example: Run the following command to display the basic information about the PV /dev/sdb:

pvdisplay /dev/sdb

Modifying PV Attributes ​

Run the pvchange command as the root user to modify the attributes of a PV.

pvchange [option] pvname ...

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -u: generates a new UUID.
  • -x: indicates whether PE allocation is allowed.

• pvname: specifies the name of the device corresponding to the PV to be modified. If multiple PVs need to be modified in batches, set this option to multiple device names and separate the names with spaces.

Example: Run the following command to prohibit PEs on the PV /dev/sdb from being allocated. Running pvdisplay for a PV that is not added to a VG will return the Allocatable attribute with the value NO. You need to add the PV to a VG before you can change the attribute.

pvchange -x n /dev/sdb

Deleting a PV ​

Run the pvremove command as the root user to delete a PV.

pvremove [option] pvname ...

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -f: forcibly deletes a PV without user confirmation.
  • -y: answers yes to all questions.

• pvname: specifies the name of the device corresponding to the PV to be deleted. If multiple PVs need to be deleted in batches, set this option to multiple device names and separate the names with spaces.

Example: Run the following command to delete the PV /dev/sdb. If the PV has been added to a VG, you need to delete the VG or remove the PV from the VG in advance.

pvremove /dev/sdb

Managing VGs ​

Creating a VG ​

Run the vgcreate command as the root user to create a VG.

vgcreate [option] vgname pvname ...

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -l: specifies the maximum number of LVs that can be created on the VG.
  • -p: specifies the maximum number of PVs that can be added to the VG.
  • -s: specifies the PE size of a PV in the VG.

• vgname: name of the VG to be created.

• pvname: name of the PV to be added to the VG.

Example: Run the following command to create VG vg1 and add the PVs /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc to the VG.

vgcreate vg1 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc

Viewing a VG ​

Run the vgdisplay command as the root user to view VG information.

vgdisplay [option] [vgname]

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -s: outputs information in short format.
  • -A: displays only attributes of active VGs.

• vgname: name of the VG to be viewed. If no VGs are specified, information about all VGs is displayed.

Example: Run the following command to display the basic information about VG vg1:

vgdisplay vg1

Modifying VG Attributes ​

Run the vgchange command as the root user to modify the attributes of a VG.

vgchange [option] vgname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -a: sets the active status of the VG.

• vgname: name of the VG whose attributes are to be modified.

Example: Run the following command to change the status of vg1 to active.

vgchange -ay vg1

Extending a VG ​

Run the vgextend command as the root user to dynamically extend a VG. In this way, the VG size is extended by adding PVs to the VG.

vgextend [option] vgname pvname ...

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • dev: debugging mode.
  • -t: test only.

• vgname: name of the VG whose size is to be extended.

• pvname: name of the PV to be added to the VG.

Example: Run the following command to add PV /dev/sdb to VG vg1:

vgextend vg1 /dev/sdb

Shrinking a VG ​

Run the vgreduce command as the root user to delete PVs from a VG to reduce the VG size. A VG must contain at least one PV.

vgreduce [option] vgname pvname ...

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -a: If no PVs are specified in the command, all empty PVs are deleted.
  • --removemissing: deletes lost PVs in the VG to restore the VG to the normal state.

• vgname: name of the VG to be shrunk.

• pvname: name of the PV to be deleted from the VG.

Example: Run the following command to remove PV /dev/sdb2 from VG vg1:

vgreduce vg1 /dev/sdb2

Deleting a VG ​

Run the vgremove command as the root user to delete a VG.

vgremove [option] vgname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -f: forcibly deletes a VG without user confirmation.

• vgname: name of the VG to be deleted.

Example: Run the following command to delete VG vg1.

vgremove vg1

Managing LVs ​

Creating an LV ​

Run the lvcreate command as the root user to create an LV.

lvcreate [option] vgname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -L: specifies the size of the LV in kKmMgGtT.
  • -l: specifies the size of the LV (number of LEs).
  • -n: specifies the name of the LV to be created.
  • -s: creates a snapshot.

• vgname: name of the VG to be created.

Example 1: Run the following command to create a 10 GB LV in VG vg1. The default LV name is lvo10.

lvcreate -L 10G vg1

Example 2: Run the following command to create a 200 MB LV in VG vg1 and name the LV lv1.

lvcreate -L 200M -n lv1 vg1

Viewing an LV ​

Run the lvdisplay command as the root user to view the LV information, including the size of the LV, its read and write status, and snapshot information.

lvdisplay [option] [lvname]

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -v: displays the mapping from LEs to PEs.

• lvname: device file corresponding to the LV whose attributes are to be displayed. If this option is not set, attributes of all LVs are displayed.

  NOTE

  Device files corresponding to LVs are stored in the VG directory. For example, if LV lv1 is created in VG vg1, the device file corresponding to lv1 is /dev/vg1/lv1.

Example: Run the following command to display the basic information about LV lv1:

lvdisplay /dev/vg1/lv1

Adjusting the LV Size ​

Run the lvresize command as the root user to increase or reduce the size of an LVM LV. This may cause data loss. Therefore, exercise caution when running this command.

lvresize [option] vgname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -L: specifies the size of the LV in kKmMgGtT.
  • -l: specifies the size of the LV (number of LEs).
  • -f: forcibly adjusts the size of the LV without user confirmation.

• lvname: name of the LV to be adjusted.

Example 1: Run the following command to increase the size of LV /dev/vg1/lv1 by 200 MB.

lvresize -L +200 /dev/vg1/lv1

Example 2: Run the following command to reduce the size of LV /dev/vg1/lv1 by 200 MB.

lvresize -L -200 /dev/vg1/lv1

Extending an LV ​

Run the lvextend command as the root user to dynamically extend the size of an LV online without interrupting the access of applications to the LV.

lvextend [option] lvname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -L: specifies the size of the LV in kKmMgGtT.
  • -l: specifies the size of the LV (number of LEs).
  • -f: forcibly adjusts the size of the LV without user confirmation.

• lvname: device file of the LV whose size is to be extended.

Example: Run the following command to increase the size of LV /dev/vg1/lv1 by 100 MB.

lvextend -L +100M /dev/vg1/lv1

Shrinking an LV ​

Run the lvreduce command as the root user to reduce the size of an LV. This may delete existing data on the LV. Therefore, confirm whether the data can be deleted before running the command.

lvreduce [option] lvname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -L: specifies the size of the LV in kKmMgGtT.
  • -l: specifies the size of the LV (number of LEs).
  • -f: forcibly adjusts the size of the LV without user confirmation.

• lvname: device file of the LV whose size is to be extended.

Example: Run the following command to reduce the space of LV /dev/vg1/lvl by 100 MB:

lvreduce -L -100M /dev/vg1/lv1

Deleting an LV ​

Run the lvremove command as the root user to delete an LV. If the LV has been mounted by running the mount command, you need to run the umount command to unmount the LV before running the lvremove command.

lvremove [option] lvname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -f: forcibly deletes an LV without user confirmation.

• lvname: device name of the LV to be deleted.

Example: Run the following command to delete LV /dev/vg1/lv1.

lvremove /dev/vg1/lv1

Creating and Mounting a File System ​

After creating an LV, you need to create a file system on the LV and mount the file system to the corresponding directory.

Creating a File System ​

Run the mkfs command as the root user to create a file system.

mkfs [option] lvname

In the preceding information:

• option: command parameter options. Common parameter options are as follows:

  • -t: specifies the type of the Linux file system to be created, such as ext2, ext3, and ext4. The default type is ext2.

• lvname: name of the LV device file corresponding to the file system to be created.

Example: Run the following command to create the ext4 file system on LV /dev/vg1/lv1:

mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg1/lv1

Manually Mounting a File System ​

The file system that is manually mounted is not valid permanently. It does not exist after the OS is restarted.

Run the mount command as the root user to mount a file system.

mount lvname mntpath

In the preceding information:

• lvname: name of the LV device file corresponding to the file system to be mounted.
• mntpath: mount path.

Example: Run the following command to mount LV /dev/vg1/lv1 to the directory /mnt/data.

mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /mnt/data

Automatically Mounting a File System ​

A file system that is automatically mounted does not exist after the OS is restarted. You need to manually mount the file system again. If you perform the following steps as the root user after manually mounting the file system, the file system can be automatically mounted after the OS is restarted.

1. Run the blkid command to query the UUID of an LV. The following uses LV /dev/vg1/lv1 as an example:

   bash

   blkid /dev/vg1/lv1

   Check the command output. It contains the following information in which uuidnumber is a string of digits, indicating the UUID, and fstype indicates the file system type.

   /dev/vg1/lv1: UUID=" uuidnumber " TYPE=" fstype "

2. Run the vi /etc/fstab command to edit the fstab file and add the following content to the end of the file:

   vim

   UUID=uuidnumber  mntpath                   fstype    defaults        0 0

   In the preceding information:

   • Column 1: indicates the UUID. Enter uuidnumber obtained in 1.
   • Column 2: indicates the mount directory of the file system. Replace mntpath with the actual value.
   • Column 3: indicates the file system format. Enter fstype obtained in 1.
   • Column 4: indicates the mount option. In this example, defaults is used.
   • Column 5: indicates the backup option. Enter either 1 (the system automatically backs up the file system) or 0 (the system does not back up the file system). In this example, 0 is used.
   • Column 6: indicates the scanning option. Enter either 1 (the system automatically scans the file system during startup) or 0 (the system does not scan the file system). In this example, 0 is used.

3. Verify the automatic mounting function.

   1. Run the umount command to unmount the file system. The following uses LV /dev/vg1/lv1 as an example:

      bash

      umount /dev/vg1/lv1

   2. Run the following command to reload all content in the /etc/fstab file:

      bash

      mount -a

   3. Run the following command to query the file system mounting information (/mnt/data is used as an example):

      bash

      mount | grep /mnt/data

      Check the command output. If the command output contains the following information, the automatic mounting function takes effect:

      text

      /dev/vg1/lv1 on /mnt/data